Hi Ethan, in ideal case we should have something like viewControllerBuilder, configurator, screenBuilder. All the external dependencies are build in that configurator and/or injected. Quick pseudo code is here: https://gist.github.com/skyspirit86/ccc489a5b5fe06cb60e10ba92a6157a3#file-customdi-swift

It is testable and option 2 covers easier refactor if you depends from older code and singletons.